Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents a massive improvement in the treatment options for AVMs, as a targeted and precise, non-invasive approach.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) arise when an abnormal tangle of blood vessels occurs in the brain as a result of an abnormal connection between an artery and vein. These can have serious consequences such as haemorrhaging, stroke, brain damage and seizures. Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents a massive improvement in the treatment options for AVMs, as a targeted and precise, non-invasive approach.
The three treatment options are endovascular embolization (“gluing”), neurosurgical resection (surgery) and stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife). In some cases, just one treatment modality is required but a mix of these treatments can sometimes also be used depending on the characteristics of the AVM and the patients’ own preferences.
Generally, for smaller AVMs that are under 3cm in size, Gamma Knife treatment is commonly used. Embolization can be used to de-vascularise or shrink the AVM prior to surgical or radio-surgical treatments.
AVMs can occur anywhere in the body but most commonly present in the brain). Many patients have no symptoms of an AVM until a bleeding event occurs. AVMs are usually diagnosed by MRI or CT head. Angiography can be performed to give the best and most detailed picture of the vascular anatomy. They can often be discovered incidentally, that is to say when a scan is done for another reason. Alternatively, AVMs can present with symptoms such as seizures, headaches or a neurological problem like weakness in one part of the body or speech disturbance. AVMs can therefore have a significant impact on patient’s lives and the specifics of each case should be discussed with a skilled and experienced team.
Untreated, AVMs carry a risk of haemorrhaging which can cause brain damage or death. A 2020 study on the clinical outcomes following cerebral AVM haemorrhage published by the National Library of Medicine found that an AVM rupture has around 20% likelihood to result in mortality, 45% likelihood to result in a minor or major deficit, and 35% likelihood of complete recovery. This means that even when an AVM presents without symptoms and a bleeding event has not occurred, it can be important to treat them.
There are also several factors that can increase the risk of AVMs haemorrhaging, including its size. Although it seems counterintuitive, smaller lesions tend to carry a higher risk of haemorrhage due to the higher arterial pressure that builds in smaller vessels.
Gamma Knife stands out as a treatment option from surgery and embolization in a number of ways. It mitigates the many risks associated with patients going under general anaesthetic, and of open surgery such as infection, bleeding, or wound problems.
Gamma Knife also has the capability to treat very deep and sensitively located AVMs which cannot be otherwise treated. This is because it uses up to 192 precisely focussed beams of radiation to target selected brain lesions, without harming the surrounding healthy brain tissue. From this, over time the walls of the AVM thicken and scar, eventually closing most of the vessels supplying the AVM, thus preventing rupture. Although the procedure involves several steps on the day of treatment including imaging and planning, the treatment itself in many cases can take less than an hour.
Article by Ms. Mary Murphy Clinical Director of Neurosurgery at The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. Quality and safety lead for the specialist hospital board at University College Hospital London.
Centres of Excellence for Stereotactic Radiosurgery treatment of complex Brain Tumours
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